DAPS Quick Start Guide

DAPS Quick Start Guide¶

Publication Date 26 Mar 2013

Authors

Tanja Roth, Christopher-Julian Zwickl, Stefan Knorr

Contents

1. Target Audience
2. Supported DocBook Versions
3. System Requirements
4. Installation
5. Defining Documentation Projects
6. A Documentation Project From Scratch
7. Editing DocBook XML Files
8. Validation
9. Image Handling
10. Basic DAPS Syntax
11. Output Formats
12. Migration of Existing DocBook Projects
13. For More Information
14. GNU Free Documentation License

The DocBook Authoring and Publishing Suite (DAPS) is developed as open source software for Linux* operating systems and is licensed under the GPL. A number of integrated tools, stylesheets, scripts, and makefiles help technical writers in the editing, translation and publishing process. DAPS supports single source publishing into a number of different output formats, and is suited both for small documentation projects and for comprehensive projects, created by multiple authors in a collaborative effort.

The DAPS Quick Start Guide is a short introduction to DAPS for end-users. It includes step-by-step instructions for the key tasks in editing and publishing DocBook documents.

1. Target Audience¶

This document is intended for users who want to make efficient use of DocBook XML for editing and publishing their documentation—be it documentation sets, individual books, or articles. Key knowledge of XML and DocBook is required, as well as key knowledge of using the Bash Shell (or command line interfaces in general).

2. Supported DocBook Versions¶

Currently, DAPS supports only DocBook 4.x. Support for DocBook 5.x is planned for version 2.0.

3. System Requirements¶

DAPS itself is a lean solution that does not require a lot of system resources. However, it does use components that may need a stronger processor and more RAM, for instance for creating PDF output files.

3.1. Hardware Requirements¶

RAM: The required amount of RAM mostly depends on the volume of your documentation projects. For creation of PDF output, 2 GB of RAM are recommended.
CPU: If you have multiple or very large documentation projects, a machine with multiple cores is recommended.
Hard Disk Space: The disk space consumed mostly depends on the amount of your documentation sources and the number of output formats you want to generate.

3.2. Software Requirements¶

DAPS runs on any modern Linux system. It has not been attempted to port DAPS to Windows* or Mac OS X* yet.

When installing DAPS as an RPM package (on any SUSE-based system), dependencies on other software packages are automatically resolved during installation.

For installing the DAPS sources on other Linux distributions, refer to the DAPS User Guide Section “Software Requirements” (Chapter 1, System Requirements and Installation, ↑DAPS User Guide) where the respective requirements are covered in detail.

3.3. Additional Software¶

In addition to DAPS, you need the following software:

An XML (or text) editor of your choice.
For generating PDF output: an FO formatter, like FOP or XEP. Antenna House Formatter is currently not supported. Whereas FOP is an open source product, both XEP and Antenna House are commercial products.

To add further components like version management or a workflow mechanism for your projects, use DAPS in combination with the following software:

Any version management system, like CVS, Subversion, Mercurial or Git.
Docmanager, a command-line tool for adding and retrieving the meta information of all files belonging to a documentation project. Docmanager is especially useful for larger, collaborative projects where it helps you keep track of owners (authors) and editing statuses of all files. However, Docmanager requires hosting your documentation files on a Subversion server.

Together with the software components mentioned above, DAPS can be used as a fully-fledged authoring and content management system for documentation projects based on DocBook.

3.4. Directory Structure¶

For DAPS to work out of the box, it requires a certain organization of your DocBook XML files and images within your documentation directory. For details, refer to Section 5.2, “Directory Structure”. You can generate the necessary structure with the DAPS initialization script, daps-init. For instructions on how to make existing DocBook projects compatible with DAPS, refer to Section 12, “Migration of Existing DocBook Projects”.

4. Installation¶

The DocBook Authoring and Publishing Suite can be installed and used on any Linux distribution. Currently, DAPS is available as an RPM package for the openSUSE distribution. Eventually, packages for other distributions may become available. In the meantime, you can download a tarball (a *.tar archive) with the DAPS sources and install them on any distribution as described in Section “Installing DAPS on Other Linux Distributions” (Chapter 1, System Requirements and Installation, ↑DAPS User Guide).

4.1. Installing DAPS on openSUSE¶

There are a few ways to install DAPS on openSUSE. To always stay up-to-date with the latest version of DAPS install the daps package from the Documentation:Tools repository as outlined below.

Procedure 1. Installing DAPS via 1-Click Install

Open your browser and go to http://software.opensuse.org/.
Enter daps.
On the resulting page, click daps+Show other versions+Show unstable packages.
Look for the version from the repository Documentation:Tools and click the 1-Click Install link next to it. A window called YaST–1-Click Install should appear.
Follow the instructions and click Next, Trust, and finally Finish.

If you are already well-versed in the usage of openSUSE, you can of course also add the Documentation:Tools repository with either zypper or YaST.

You may also use the daps package that shipped with your version of openSUSE. However, you then might miss the latest features and bug fixes in DAPS.

4.2. Installing DAPS on Other Linux Distributions¶

Please refer to the DAPS User Guide for instructions on how to install DAPS on other Linux distributions: Section “Installing DAPS on Other Linux Distributions” (Chapter 1, System Requirements and Installation, ↑DAPS User Guide).

4.3. Installing and Configuring the FO Formatter¶

For installation and configuration of an FO formatter (for generating PDF output), refer to its installation instructions (or to your system administrator). For FOP, you usually only need to install the respective FOP package. However, not all FOP packages contain hyphenation pattern files.

5. Defining Documentation Projects¶

The easiest way to set up a new documentation project from scratch is to use the DAPS initialization script daps-init. For instructions how to do so, refer to Procedure 2, “Using daps-init ”. The script automatically creates the Key Files and Directory Structure that you need to get started with DAPS.

5.1. Key Files¶

The following key files define a documentation project so that it can be processed by DAPS:

MAIN File: A DocBook XML file containing the “starting point” (the highest-level object) of your documentation project (for example, book or article). For larger documentation projects, it is good practice to name the file MAIN-PROJECTNAME.xml, but you can use any other filename as well.
Doc Config (DC) File: A configuration file defining a number of parameters for your documentation deliverable (for example, the MAIN file, layout variants, or which profiling information to use). Of the multiple parameters that can be set in the DC file, the only one required is MAIN, pointing to the XML file that you want to process. Usually, you create one DC file per book or article. For a documentation set (a collection of books), multiple DC files can be defined. This allows you to set different parameters and different values for individual books in the set.

5.2. Directory Structure¶

For DAPS to work out of the box, your XML files and images must be organized in a specific structure within your documentation directory. Example 1, “Directory Structure” shows the required structure including the key files for a DAPS documentation project. You can also create multiple documentation directories for individual documentation projects, but they all need the substructure outlined below.

Example 1. Directory Structure¶

YOUR_DOC_DIR/
  |--DC*
     |--images/
     |   |--src/
     |      |--dia/
     |      |--eps/
     |      |--fig/
     |      |--pdf/
     |      |--png/
     |      |--svg/
     |--xml/ 
         |--MAIN*.xml

	“Working directory” for the respective documentation project.
	DC file defining the documentation project.
	Top-level directory for any original images that you want to use in the documentation project. Contains subdirectories for images in various formats. Any images to be referenced in the XML sources must be put in the respective subdirectories. For information about referencing images, refer to Section 9.4, “Referencing Images”.
	Directory holding the XML files for the documentation project. If you declare entities in an external file (for example, in `entity-decl.ent`), put the entity declaration file here, too.
	The MAIN file of the documentation project. It contains “references” to other books, chapters, appendices, etc.

6. A Documentation Project From Scratch¶

Use daps-init to set up a new documentation project from scratch. The initialization script automatically creates the key files and directory structure you need to get started with DAPS. View the available options with the command daps-init --help. By default, the script creates a book as example document.

Procedure 2. Using daps-init ¶

Create a directory that you want to use as your documentation directory:
```
$ mkdir DOC_DIR 
```
Create the default directory structure for DAPS (containing an example book):
```
$ daps-init -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR 
```
With the -r option, you can also set another root element, such as article, for example. To create the default directory structure with an article example:
```
$ daps-init -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR -r article
```
In case the specified directory does not exists, DAPS asks whether to create it. Proceed by pressing y or n.
To see what the output of the XML example file looks like, follow the instructions on the screen. For example, the following command specifies the DC* file (DC-daps-example) to use and the output format (color PDF) to create:
```
$ daps -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR/DC-daps-example color-pdf
```
For creation of the PDF, DAPS uses FOP by default (if no other formatter is specified) and applies the default DocBook stylesheets (if no custom layout options are defined). At the end of the transformation process, DAPS shows a message where to find the generated PDF. By default, all contents generated by DAPS is located in the build subdirectory. It is automatically created within your documentation directory.
Check your documentation directory for the new files: The text file DC-daps-example is annotated and gives you a rough idea which options can be defined in a DC file. For having a look at the XML source code of the book or article, change to the xml subdirectory and open the file MAIN-DC-daps-example.xml in a text or XML editor.

7. Editing DocBook XML Files¶

As DAPS does not include any editor software, you are completely free in the choice of your XML editor. While you can use your text editor of of choice, it is helpful if the editor supports editing XML in accordance with the schema you use. A number of open source editors can be extended with plug-ins for automatic tag insertion and completion, insertion of xref elements and for checks if the XML document is well-formed. If you are already familiar with vi or Emacs, you can configure them to support XML editing mode. If you prefer an editor with a graphical user interface, jEdit is a good choice.

If you have worked with DocBook before, you know about the typical top-level elements for documents, book and article. For larger documentation projects, another typical top-level element is set (a collection of books).

To define the individual components of a book, use structural elements such as part, chapter, preface or appendix. Chapters are usually subdivided into sections (section elements or sect1, sect2 etc.). Smaller structural units are para (for paragraphs), or list elements such as orderlist, itemizedlist, or variablelist.

If you have set up your documentation project from scratch with daps-init, you can explore the example documents that are installed within the directory structure. They show the most commonly used DocBook XML constructs.

8. Validation¶

Generating any output requires that your XML files are valid. As soon as any output command is executed, DAPS automatically runs a validation check first. If it fails, DAPS returns the parser errors, including information about the type of error, the respective file name and the line number where the error occurred. In addition, DAPS shows the path to the profiled XML sources and the total number of errors.

Example 2. Parser Output For Validation Errors (xref to unknown ID)

daps_user_concept.xml:60: element xref: validity error: 
IDREF attribute linkend references an unknown ID "itl.daps.user.inst.other.req"
Document /local/svn/daps-svn/daps/doc/build/.profiled/x86-amd64-em64t_osuse_/
MAIN.DAPS.xml does not validate
make: *** [validate] Error 3

9. Image Handling¶

Depending on the output format you generate with DAPS (PDF or HTML for example), the source images you provide and reference in your XML sources are automatically transformed into the appropriate output formats. For example, SVG images are converted to PNG for HTML builds, or color images to grayscale for black-and-white PDFs. You only need to decide which file format to use as source format. Of course, this decision depends on the purpose of the image.

9.1. Supported Image Types¶

DAPS supports the following types of images:

DIA
EPS (experimental)
FIG
PDF (experimental)
PNG
SVG

9.2. Organization of the `images` Directory¶

DAPS requires you to use a specific directory structure for images. All images that you reference from your DocBook files must be stored in a subdirectory of the project directory named images/src/file_extension. For instance, PNG files must be stored under images/src/png. If you used daps-init to set up your project, the appropriate directories should already exist. For a longer reference to the directory structure, see Section 5.2, “Directory Structure”.

9.3. Filename Requirements¶

Unique Image Names

Always store just one file with a particular name within the images/src folder of a project. As DAPS tries to create any missing image formats from original images, it will otherwise not know which one of the duplicate files to use for converting to the missing formats.

Additionally, having a file called example.png and another called example.svg in the same documentation project will often lead to questions like: Which file to use where? Do both files display the same content? Are both files current, or is one outdated?

When invoking DAPS with the parameter -v, a warning will be printed whenever a file name appears twice within a project. To specifically check for image name clashes upfront, use the daps warn-images subcommand.

No Spaces In Filenames

Avoid spaces in filenames because the make command in DAPS has trouble understanding them. Use underscores (_) or hyphens (-) instead. Camel-cased filenames (aCamelCasedFileName) or filenames only differing in upper or lower case spelling may lead to problems if multiple file systems are used anywhere in the process chain between generation and publishing of the output formats.

It is a good idea to find a consistent file naming scheme. For instance, when documenting software, it might prove helpful to include the name of the application at the beginning of the filename or to use prefixes like screenshot_ and diagram_ to separate between different types of images.

9.4. Referencing Images¶

Provided your images are located in the required default directory, DAPS automatically finds the path to your images. Therefore, referencing images in your XML sources is very straightforward: you do not need to include any path in the fileref attribute—the file name is enough.

Furthermore, DocBook allows you to reference more than one image to distinguish between different output formats. For example, you can add two references pointing to the same file, but using different images widths for PDF and HTML output. Use the role attribute to specify the output format, for example fo or html.

Example 3. Image Reference in an XML File¶

<figure>
  <title>Main Window</title>
  <mediaobject>
    <imageobject role="fo">
      <imagedata fileref="screenshot.png" width="70%"/>
    </imageobject>
    <imageobject role="html">
      <imagedata fileref="screenshot.png" width="75%"/>
    </imageobject>
  </mediaobject>
</figure>

10. Basic DAPS Syntax¶

Before introducing the key daps commands to create output formats from your XML documents, let's get familiar with the basic syntax of the daps command:

$ daps [--global-options] subcommand [--command-options] [arguments]

Example 4, “DAPS Syntax” shows an example command that generates HTML output. Global options are used to specify the level of verbosity, and the Doc Config file for creating the output.

Example 4. DAPS Syntax¶

daps --debug -d DC-daps-example html --static

	Main command: daps
	Global Option `--debug`: Sets the highest verbosity level (number of messages shown during the transformation process from XML to HTML).
	Global Option `-d`: Defines the relative or absolute path to the Doc Config file. In this example, daps is called in the same directory that holds the Doc Config file.
	Subcommand html: Defines the output format to create.
	Command option `--static`: Tells DAPS to copy CSS and image files to the same location like the HTML files. For more information, see Table 1, “DAPS Output Commands and Formats”.

Specifying the DC File

	Specifying the DC File
For execution of most commands, DAPS needs to know which DC file to use. There are several ways to let DAPS know about this: Your documentation directory contains only one DC file. In that case, DAPS automatically uses the corresponding file. You have specified a default DC file to use in `~/.daps/config` (as a value for `DOCCONF_DEFAULT`). In that case, DAPS automatically uses the corresponding file, unless you specify a different one on the command line. Specify a DC file on the command line with the global option `-d`. For example: daps -d `PATH_TO_DC_FILE` color-pdf

For execution of most commands, DAPS needs to know which DC file to use. There are several ways to let DAPS know about this:

Your documentation directory contains only one DC file. In that case, DAPS automatically uses the corresponding file.
You have specified a default DC file to use in ~/.daps/config (as a value for DOCCONF_DEFAULT). In that case, DAPS automatically uses the corresponding file, unless you specify a different one on the command line.
Specify a DC file on the command line with the global option -d. For example:
```
daps -d PATH_TO_DC_FILE color-pdf
```

Generally, DAPS can be executed with or without options. To view the global options and the available subcommands, use the command:

$ daps --help

For a short help text on a specific subcommand, use:

$ daps --help  subcommand

For example, if you want more information about generating HTML output, run:

$ daps --help html

The following section introduces the key daps commands needed to create output formats from XML files. All examples are based on the example files that are provided by the DAPS initialization script. For more information, refer to Section 6, “A Documentation Project From Scratch”.

11. Output Formats¶

By default, the DocBook stylesheets are used for generating output formats. But DAPS also allows you to customize your output formats in a very flexible way.

11.1. Basic Syntax for Generating Output¶

DAPS supports a number of different output formats, including also “exotic” formats like man pages or simple text. Table 1 gives an overview.

Independent of the individual output format you want to create, you need to specify the DC file to use:

$ daps -d PATH_TO_DC_FILE OUTPUT_FORMAT

For example:

$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf

At the end of the transformation process, DAPS shows a message where to find the generated output.

If your current directory is not the documentation directory where the DC file is located, also specify the (absolute or relative) path to the DC file. For example:

$ daps -d /svn/daps/example/DC-daps-example color-pdf

11.2. Generating Different Output Formats¶

The following table lists the main output formats and their characteristics, and the DAPS subcommands to generate them. Refer to Section 11.1 for the commands' basic syntax.

Table 1. DAPS Output Commands and Formats¶

Subcommand	Output/Note
color-pdf	Creates a color PDF (without any crop marks). Open the result in a PDF viewer. Requires an FO formatter.
pdf	Creates a black-and-white PDF with crop marks, suitable for hand-off to a printing shop. Open the result in a PDF viewer. Requires an FO formatter. Creation of crop marks is currently only supported by the XEP FO formatter. All color images are automatically converted to grayscale images.
html	Creates a subdirectory containing individual HTML files for all chapters of a book (including also preface, glossary or appendix files). The HTML files are named according to the ID of the respective root element. Open the generated `index.html` file in a Web browser to view the generated HTML from the starting point (ROOTID of the top-level element). Images and CSS files are only linked in the resulting directory that contains the HTML files. To copy these files to the same location like the HTML files, use the `-/-static` option. This is useful for creating distributable HTML builds.
html-single	Creates a single HTML file, named after the DC file used to create the output. Open the generated `*.html` file in a Web browser. Single HTML files are more convenient for full text searches. Images and CSS files are only linked in the resulting directory that contains the HTML files. To copy these files to the same location like the HTML files, use the `-/-static` option. This is useful for creating distributable HTML builds.
epub	Creates an ePUB document. Open the result in an portable e-book reader (or with a software like Calibre).
webhelp	Creates a DocBook Web Help output. Open the generated `index.html` file in a Web browser to view the generated HTML from the starting point (ROOTID of the top-level element). Experimental feature. Requires a very recent version of the DocBook stylesheets. DocBook Web Help consists of HTML pages with an additional pane, featuring a table of contents and a search function. The table of contents can be expanded and collapsed and is automatically synchronized with the contents pane. The search function weights the search results so that the most relevant results are listed first.
txt	Creates an ASCII text output. Open the result in a text editor. All images are removed from the output, but their location is indicated in the text by the respective image base name printed in square brackets. A table of contents is automatically generated and is available at the beginning of the text document.
man	Creates one or multiple man pages. To create man pages, your XML files must contain at least one `refentry`—be it in a `chapter`, `appendix`, or collected in a `reference` element. When processing a DocBook document with multiple `refentry` elements (regardless where they appear), DAPS generates one man page file per `refentry` element. All other parts of the document will be ignored.

The number of output formats may be extended in the future, depending on the output formats that are supported by DocBook stylesheets. For an overview of all output formats, run daps --help. The available output formats are listed below Subcommands+Generate Books.

11.3. Advanced Output Options¶

Instead of always building your complete documentation project (set, book, or article), DAPS also allows you to build an individual chapter or part. If you want the output format to include remark elements or to be marked as a draft version, you can tell DAPS to do so.

11.3.1. Partial Builds¶

The “starting point” of your documentation project is usually the root element defined in the MAIN file that is referenced in the respective Doc Config. Alternatively, specify a ROOTID on the command line by using the --rootid option. This also allows you to build only a part of your documentation project by using the ID of a book, article, glossary, appendix, part, or chapter element.

For example, if you have set up your working environment with daps-init and an example book, use the following command to build the first chapter of the book (without the book's title page, table of contents etc.):

$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --rootid=cha.template.examples

11.3.2. Output with Remarks or Draft Watermark¶

For publishing a pre-release version of a document that you might want to send to a proofreader for review, use the --draft command option to mark the document as draft version. For example, use the following command to build a color PDF that has a DRAFT watermark printed on each page:

$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --draft

If you used remark elements in your XML files (for editorial remarks or questions to the proofreader), include the remarks in the output with the --remarks option:

$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --remarks

When generating PDFs with FOP, the contents of the remark elements is shown in italics within the text. XEP supports conversion of remark elements into PDF annotations. This feature is enabled in DAPS by default, but if you want XEP to treat remark elements like FOP does, you can change the respective DAPS parameter. In HTML, HTML-single and ePUB output, the contents of the remark elements is shown in red within the text.

If metadata to a file has been set, DAPS can also include the metadata for each file in the output format:

$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --meta

Availability of Advanced Output Options

	Availability of Advanced Output Options
Advanced output options are only supported for selected formats: `--meta`: Only available in HTML, HTML-single, and PDF. `--draft` and `--remarks`: Only available in HTML, HTML-single, PDF, and ePUB output. Using the `--remarks` and `--meta` options automatically turns draft mode on. By default, DAPS adds a string to the base name of the output file to flag output formats generated with special options. Example file names are `daps-example_draft_en.pdf` or `daps-example_remarks_draft_en.pdf`.

Advanced output options are only supported for selected formats:

--meta: Only available in HTML, HTML-single, and PDF.
--draft and --remarks: Only available in HTML, HTML-single, PDF, and ePUB output.

Using the --remarks and --meta options automatically turns draft mode on.

By default, DAPS adds a string to the base name of the output file to flag output formats generated with special options. Example file names are daps-example_draft_en.pdf or daps-example_remarks_draft_en.pdf.

12. Migration of Existing DocBook Projects¶

To migrate existing DocBook projects so that you can manage and publish them with DAPS, follow the step-by-step instructions in Appendix A, Migration of Existing DocBook Projects (↑DAPS User Guide).

13. For More Information¶

This guide gave you a short introduction toDAPS and guided you through the key tasks. To discover more, refer to the other manuals available on DAPS at https://sourceforge.net/p/daps/home/Home/.

For general discussions and technical support, join the forum at https://sourceforge.net/p/daps/discussion/. You do not need a user account at sourceforge.net for this.

For bugs or enhancement requests, please open a ticket at https://sourceforge.net/p/daps/tickets/add. A user account at sourceforge.net is recommended, but you may also open tickets anonymously.

For a complete DocBook reference see DocBook: The Definitive Guide .

If you encounter problems with DAPS, check Chapter 11, Troubleshooting (↑DAPS User Guide) for a list of common problems and their solution.

14. GNU Free Documentation License¶

Version 1.2, November 2002

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

14.1. PREAMBLE¶

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

14.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS¶

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A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

14.3. VERBATIM COPYING¶

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

14.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY¶

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

14.5. MODIFICATIONS¶

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

14.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS¶

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements”.

14.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS¶

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

14.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS¶

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

14.9. TRANSLATION¶

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

14.10. TERMINATION¶

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

14.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE¶

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

14.12. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents¶

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

   Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
   under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
   or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
   with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
   A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
   Free Documentation License”.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

   with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
   Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.